pharmacology: November 2017

Antihypertensive Agents

Blood pressure reading has two numbers. Top number is systolic blood pressure (Highest pressure at heart contraction) and bottom number is diastolic blood pressure (Lowest number at heart relaxes)

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Angina Pectoris

Angina is chest pain due to decreased blood flow rate and supply of less oxygen to myocardium than required. There are two types of angina namely stable angina and unstable angina. Stable angina has predictable chest pain pattern. It precipitate out after severe physical exertion, severe exercise. It subside after taking rest. Activities like exercise, eating big meal, vigorous argument increase heart beat, blood pressure and heart has to work extra. It can be tracked that is helpful to manage angina. Unstable angina precipitate suddenly. It become worse even lead to death. Stable angina is less serious than unstable angina. Unstable enzyma can occur at any time even at resting or sitting position. If symptoms stop they usually return again soon.

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Cardiotonics

Cardiotonics are usually prescribed in congestive heart failure (CHF). Heart inability to pump sufficient blood to fulfil body demand is called congestive heart failure. CHF occurs due to following reasons:

1. Abnormal increase in blood volume. Increase in blood flow resistance in blood vessels. Thus blood vessel cannot accommodate full volume of blood. There will be congestion in blood flow. This induce problem in heart working. Therefore it is called congestive heart failure.

2. Decrease in cardiac muscle contraction force. Thus heart is unable to force sufficient blood. CHF can be treated by using Cardiotonic (Digitoxin and digoxin.) to increase force of cardiac muscle contraction, Diuretics to increase water excretion. That will decrease blood volume and Vasodilators to dilate blood vessels that will relieve blood congestion in blood vessels and diuretics to decrease blood volume. All these produce systematic relief. They will not cure pathogenic condition that causes CHF symptoms.

Prostaglandins

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Serotonin

Dopamine, Serotonin, Oxytocin and endorphins are responsible for your happiness. Thus they are called happy hormones (Neurochemicals or neurotransmitters). Positive mood has major role on motivation and productivity. Positive mood stimulate production of these happy neurochemicals. Dopamine motivates to take action to achieve goal, desire and need. Serotonin realize own importance and value in society. Low serotonin develop lonliness and depression. Oxytocin create intimacy, relationship, bonding and trust. Endorphins relieve anxiety and depression. It is released in stress and pain

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ANTIHISTAMINICS

Antihistaminics

ANTIHISTAMINICS

Agents that act as histamine antagonist to block action of histamine by binding histaminic receptors are called antihistaminc agents. They do not interfere with synthesis and release of histamine. They reversibly and competitively block histamine receptors to antagonise action of histamine.

Antihistaminics can be divided into following two groups